global warming and nuclear energy
Global warming and nuclear energy
Current energy polices , if left as they are together with strong growth in energy demand would have disastrous impacts on climate since, according to 1EA,they would be accompanied by 50% increase in green house gas emissions from energy sector by 2030, recognizing that sector accounts for two-third of total emissions today. The inter government panel on climate change (IPCC) considers that such an increase would trigger a global rise in temperature from 2 degree Celsius to 4 degree Celsius . According to the Stern report, the cost of inaction in the face of situation could account for an minimum of 5 % of worlds gross domestic product (GDP) or even 20 % in more pessimistic scenario, while emissions reductions would cost only 1 % of world G.D.P.
This as part of its climate and energy package Europe has set a goal of cutting emissions by 20 % by 2020, compared with a 1990 baseline.
In 2005, European union set up a system to capture CO2 emissions by establishing the European trading system which recognizes the economic value of emission reduction.
Federal laws in United States such as energy independence and security act, the energy improvement and extension act and American recovery and reinvestment act, provide financial support to companies that invest in carbon free energy sector or local resources of energy with added value. Three voluntary carbon emission permits trading exchanges- the regional green house gas initiative, the Midwestern green house gas accord and western climate initiative-are being established in 55 states and provinces in the Unites States, Mexico and Canada.
China , India and other emerging countries are also becoming key players in climate change fight. Their recent commitments to growth with less fossil energy are indicative of new understanding of risks associated with growing emissions.
China in particular announced its decision to invest 738 billion dollars in carbon free energies over 2011-2020 period. It has set up seven pilot carbon credit exchanges in Beijing,Shanghai , Tianjin, Wuhan, Kunming,Changsna and Shenzhen and is perusing a 40% reduction in carbon intensity by 2020 compared with 2005. India launched an ambitious program to develop solar and nuclear energy with goal of 40 GW of new capacity in service by 2020, together with 20 % reduction in carbon intensity by 2020 compared with 2005. Several countries in Africa and Middle East have set up similar goals.
Today power generation accounts for 41 % of GHG emissions from energy sector ahead of transportation (23 %) and manufacturing (17% ) and potential for emission reduction is greater there. It is therefore vital to seek carbon-light energy mix which means developing renewable energies and nuclear power.
Anticipating depletion of fossil energy resources
The gradual depletion of hydro carbon resources is a major threat to global energy supply. According to the IEA new policies scenario, conventional oil production peak in 2006 and average price per barrel of oil reached 113 dollar by 2011 it self.
It is true, however that “peak oil” the actual level of hydro carbon reserves and future prices for hydro carbon are not in concrete. That is why it is important to start thinking about what a “ post -petroleum “ society might look like, to ensure energy self-sufficiency among nations and avoid the consequences of the evitable rise and volatility of oil or gas prices if demand were to increase too much.
“ We should leave oil before oil leave us “ is the Leit motif of Faith Birol chief economist of IEA.
Investing to improve global power generation mix
Massive capital spending in the electricity sector and radical change in power generation mix are required for reason out lined above. Rising demand for electricity, urgent effort to prevent climate change and declining fossil resources.
The IEA s world energy out look 2010 includes a new polices scenario that takes into consideration firm or planned policy commitments in countries around globe. The central scenario measures the impacts of then decisions on the energy sector, compared with two scenarios used previously “ current polices scenario “ which assumes no major change in energy policy compared with situation at mid 2010 the scenario designed to limit concentration of green house gases in the atmosphere to 450 ppm (in CO2 equivalent ) thereby limiting the temperature increase on planet to 2 degree Celsius .
Nuclear generating capacity would climb 80 % by 2035 in central scenario, when a significant share of existing reactor fleet would have to be replaced.
Nuclear power solutions for global energy challenges.
Nuclear power offers many advantages on the environmental, economic, strategic and operational levels.
. It help combat climate change
. It creates significant value locally and creates a large number of highly qualified jobs that cannot be delocalized.
. It is cost competitive compared with other sources of base load electricity.
. It provides excellent return on investment and limit electric rate hikes for consumer in times of sharply rising oil gas prices.
. It offers stable production cost with less uncertainty concerning electric rates.
. It consumes security of supply : nuclear fuel is easy to store and uranium resources are well distributed around globe, unlike oil & gas reserves, which are concentrated in Russia and Middle east with Russia , Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Iran contributing more than two-thirds of worlds oil and gas reserves and
. Its offers heightened operational safety performance particularity with new 111+ reactors developed by Areva including “ EPR “ reactor the Kerena reactor and ATMEA1 reactor.
Nuclear power is competitive
The correlation between nuclear engineering costs and price of uranium is very low now. The contribution of raw materials to the total cost of nuclear power (at present value ) is minimal and impact a doubling of uranium prices on the full cost of power generation in new power plants is only 5 % .
Conversely, the cost of fossil energies has very strong impact on the cost of electricity generated in thermal power plants fueled with coal, and the situation is even worse for gas. The price of carbon is important component in the cost structure of gas fired power plants, and even more so, for coal based fired plants but it has zero impact on the cost of nuclear power.
Gas and oil prices reached historic levels and then fell shapely in 2010. Today trend is up again. Prices have not returned to 2008 levels yet because of slow and uncertain economic recovery, but the consensus is that trend will rise in medium term due to increase in demand and shift from coal to natural gas and deletion of conventional resources.
Coal resources are more plentiful than those of oil and gas but demand for coal is also rising more sharply. Moreover the international trading in coal represents an increase in share of global consumption, illustrated growing dependency of some countries and pushing shipping costs as well. Coal prices have risen due to increased demand in Asia (China and India ) combined with export restrictions in certain producing countries (Indonesia and Vietnam) and spike in maritime freight costs. The price has remained same level 100 Euros per metric ton since October 2010. The global coal price will be driven by long term demand in Asia but also but also by the predictable drop in Australia production in 2011 in aftermath of catastrophic flooding in that country.
Carbon prices remained relatively stable in Europe in 2010, although generally higher than 2009. Increasing stringent commitments in terms of emission reduction will necessarily push carbon prices in countries where regulated carbon market has already been established while other countries ( developing countries, U.S. etc) carbon restrictions seem un avoidable in medium to long term.
The cost of gas or coal based electricity is difficult to predict, considering the historical volatility of commodity prices and uncertainty surrounding the price of carbon.
Another major advantage of nuclear power is security of supply it promises. Unlike hydro carbon reserves which are concentrated in certain regions, uranium resources are found in OECD countries ( 39%) major emerging countries such as Brazil, Russia , India , china and South Africa (26% ) and other part of world ( 35% ).
Nuclear power offers enhanced safety and operating performance with latest generations of reactors.
Areva range of reactors offers a combination of capacities from 1000MWe to 1650 Mwe and technologies suitable for each type of customer including pressurized water or boiling water reactors. These reactors also meet the most recent requirements in terms of nuclear safety,
Nuclear safety
Designs that drastically reduce the possibility of a serious accident and ensure that there would be no off site consequences ( core catcher to confine the molten core, double containment building ability to with stand a large commercial air craft crash)
Competitiveness : reduction in fuel consumption and operation costs high availability ( 92 %) over a 60 year operating life this maximizing power generation.
Environmental protection : reduction in the quality of fuel used and final waste.
After Fukushima nuclear accident in Japan serious doubts in Asian countries initially about safety of reactors after several clarifications from nuclear scientists and engineers nuclear industry set to regain its importance . India has announced it go ahead implementing Jaithapur nuclear project with clear indication that nuclear power is safe and clean energy.
Current energy polices , if left as they are together with strong growth in energy demand would have disastrous impacts on climate since, according to 1EA,they would be accompanied by 50% increase in green house gas emissions from energy sector by 2030, recognizing that sector accounts for two-third of total emissions today. The inter government panel on climate change (IPCC) considers that such an increase would trigger a global rise in temperature from 2 degree Celsius to 4 degree Celsius . According to the Stern report, the cost of inaction in the face of situation could account for an minimum of 5 % of worlds gross domestic product (GDP) or even 20 % in more pessimistic scenario, while emissions reductions would cost only 1 % of world G.D.P.
This as part of its climate and energy package Europe has set a goal of cutting emissions by 20 % by 2020, compared with a 1990 baseline.
In 2005, European union set up a system to capture CO2 emissions by establishing the European trading system which recognizes the economic value of emission reduction.
Federal laws in United States such as energy independence and security act, the energy improvement and extension act and American recovery and reinvestment act, provide financial support to companies that invest in carbon free energy sector or local resources of energy with added value. Three voluntary carbon emission permits trading exchanges- the regional green house gas initiative, the Midwestern green house gas accord and western climate initiative-are being established in 55 states and provinces in the Unites States, Mexico and Canada.
China , India and other emerging countries are also becoming key players in climate change fight. Their recent commitments to growth with less fossil energy are indicative of new understanding of risks associated with growing emissions.
China in particular announced its decision to invest 738 billion dollars in carbon free energies over 2011-2020 period. It has set up seven pilot carbon credit exchanges in Beijing,Shanghai , Tianjin, Wuhan, Kunming,Changsna and Shenzhen and is perusing a 40% reduction in carbon intensity by 2020 compared with 2005. India launched an ambitious program to develop solar and nuclear energy with goal of 40 GW of new capacity in service by 2020, together with 20 % reduction in carbon intensity by 2020 compared with 2005. Several countries in Africa and Middle East have set up similar goals.
Today power generation accounts for 41 % of GHG emissions from energy sector ahead of transportation (23 %) and manufacturing (17% ) and potential for emission reduction is greater there. It is therefore vital to seek carbon-light energy mix which means developing renewable energies and nuclear power.
Anticipating depletion of fossil energy resources
The gradual depletion of hydro carbon resources is a major threat to global energy supply. According to the IEA new policies scenario, conventional oil production peak in 2006 and average price per barrel of oil reached 113 dollar by 2011 it self.
It is true, however that “peak oil” the actual level of hydro carbon reserves and future prices for hydro carbon are not in concrete. That is why it is important to start thinking about what a “ post -petroleum “ society might look like, to ensure energy self-sufficiency among nations and avoid the consequences of the evitable rise and volatility of oil or gas prices if demand were to increase too much.
“ We should leave oil before oil leave us “ is the Leit motif of Faith Birol chief economist of IEA.
Investing to improve global power generation mix
Massive capital spending in the electricity sector and radical change in power generation mix are required for reason out lined above. Rising demand for electricity, urgent effort to prevent climate change and declining fossil resources.
The IEA s world energy out look 2010 includes a new polices scenario that takes into consideration firm or planned policy commitments in countries around globe. The central scenario measures the impacts of then decisions on the energy sector, compared with two scenarios used previously “ current polices scenario “ which assumes no major change in energy policy compared with situation at mid 2010 the scenario designed to limit concentration of green house gases in the atmosphere to 450 ppm (in CO2 equivalent ) thereby limiting the temperature increase on planet to 2 degree Celsius .
Nuclear generating capacity would climb 80 % by 2035 in central scenario, when a significant share of existing reactor fleet would have to be replaced.
Nuclear power solutions for global energy challenges.
Nuclear power offers many advantages on the environmental, economic, strategic and operational levels.
. It help combat climate change
. It creates significant value locally and creates a large number of highly qualified jobs that cannot be delocalized.
. It is cost competitive compared with other sources of base load electricity.
. It provides excellent return on investment and limit electric rate hikes for consumer in times of sharply rising oil gas prices.
. It offers stable production cost with less uncertainty concerning electric rates.
. It consumes security of supply : nuclear fuel is easy to store and uranium resources are well distributed around globe, unlike oil & gas reserves, which are concentrated in Russia and Middle east with Russia , Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Iran contributing more than two-thirds of worlds oil and gas reserves and
. Its offers heightened operational safety performance particularity with new 111+ reactors developed by Areva including “ EPR “ reactor the Kerena reactor and ATMEA1 reactor.
Nuclear power is competitive
The correlation between nuclear engineering costs and price of uranium is very low now. The contribution of raw materials to the total cost of nuclear power (at present value ) is minimal and impact a doubling of uranium prices on the full cost of power generation in new power plants is only 5 % .
Conversely, the cost of fossil energies has very strong impact on the cost of electricity generated in thermal power plants fueled with coal, and the situation is even worse for gas. The price of carbon is important component in the cost structure of gas fired power plants, and even more so, for coal based fired plants but it has zero impact on the cost of nuclear power.
Gas and oil prices reached historic levels and then fell shapely in 2010. Today trend is up again. Prices have not returned to 2008 levels yet because of slow and uncertain economic recovery, but the consensus is that trend will rise in medium term due to increase in demand and shift from coal to natural gas and deletion of conventional resources.
Coal resources are more plentiful than those of oil and gas but demand for coal is also rising more sharply. Moreover the international trading in coal represents an increase in share of global consumption, illustrated growing dependency of some countries and pushing shipping costs as well. Coal prices have risen due to increased demand in Asia (China and India ) combined with export restrictions in certain producing countries (Indonesia and Vietnam) and spike in maritime freight costs. The price has remained same level 100 Euros per metric ton since October 2010. The global coal price will be driven by long term demand in Asia but also but also by the predictable drop in Australia production in 2011 in aftermath of catastrophic flooding in that country.
Carbon prices remained relatively stable in Europe in 2010, although generally higher than 2009. Increasing stringent commitments in terms of emission reduction will necessarily push carbon prices in countries where regulated carbon market has already been established while other countries ( developing countries, U.S. etc) carbon restrictions seem un avoidable in medium to long term.
The cost of gas or coal based electricity is difficult to predict, considering the historical volatility of commodity prices and uncertainty surrounding the price of carbon.
Another major advantage of nuclear power is security of supply it promises. Unlike hydro carbon reserves which are concentrated in certain regions, uranium resources are found in OECD countries ( 39%) major emerging countries such as Brazil, Russia , India , china and South Africa (26% ) and other part of world ( 35% ).
Nuclear power offers enhanced safety and operating performance with latest generations of reactors.
Areva range of reactors offers a combination of capacities from 1000MWe to 1650 Mwe and technologies suitable for each type of customer including pressurized water or boiling water reactors. These reactors also meet the most recent requirements in terms of nuclear safety,
Nuclear safety
Designs that drastically reduce the possibility of a serious accident and ensure that there would be no off site consequences ( core catcher to confine the molten core, double containment building ability to with stand a large commercial air craft crash)
Competitiveness : reduction in fuel consumption and operation costs high availability ( 92 %) over a 60 year operating life this maximizing power generation.
Environmental protection : reduction in the quality of fuel used and final waste.
After Fukushima nuclear accident in Japan serious doubts in Asian countries initially about safety of reactors after several clarifications from nuclear scientists and engineers nuclear industry set to regain its importance . India has announced it go ahead implementing Jaithapur nuclear project with clear indication that nuclear power is safe and clean energy.
posted by P M Babu Rao @ 7:44 PM
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what happen my readers vanished. i have email address have you posted my blog to them .pl help me .
p.m.babu rao
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