global nuclear power plants build up
Global nuclear power plants build up
No nuclear power plants were closed last year but some 13 construction plants were started , promising more than on one nuclear per around 2015.
New capacity entering commercial operation in 2010 amounted to 2,839 Mwe (Russia Rostov 2 , India s Rajasthan 6 and China’s Ling AO 3 and Quishan 11 - 3 ) while South Korea’s Shin Kori 1 was grid connected and was should soon provide another 1000 Mwe net on commercial basis . The Phoenix reactor in France was officially closed in February 2010, but this had ceased power generation in 2009 and is counted among last year figures.
On 31st December 2010 China National Nuclear Corporation held official ceremony to mark the start of work on Fuqing 3, Fujian province. The 1080 MWe CPR-1000 UNIT should begin operational in the middle 2015. It was the eighth construction start in china last year as country continued to grow as a major player in nuclear energy.
Around world, last year construction starts in added up to 15,218 Mwe gross , according to world nuclear association research. Eight of these were in china (Fuqing 3 , Ningle 3, Taishan 2 , Changjiang 1, Haiyang 2, Fangchenggang 1, Yangjang 3 and Changjiang 2) but work also started at Russia ( Leningrade -11 -2 and Rostov 4) and in India (Kakrapar 3 and 4 ) as well as in Brazil (Angra 3). Separately the installed construction of Japan’s 1383 Mwe Ohma unit got back under way after completing re-engineering work for enhanced earth quake protection.
These 13 new construction projects continue the global upward trend in nuclear power . In the year 2009 the figure for new construction starts was 11, while 2008 and 2007 each saw ten. Assuming about five years for construction it can be expected reactors will be coming on line around 2012 at double today’s rate of five for year with this to rise to one per month around 2015. According to international Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) PRIS data basis the last time ten or more new reactors started in a single year was 1990.
China nuclear energy
China should keep a clear head, on nuclear power concentrate more on generation 111 reactors and keep its new build ambitions for 2020 to around 100 Gwe said state body recently.
The advise came from state council research office (SCRO) which takes independent policy recommendation to state council on a strategic matters. It appeared officially in Xinhua’s weekly out look publication.
While noting that situation for development of more nuclear power is good the body said we should keep a clear head. Not only seeing favorable factors, but paying attention also to variety of constraints to ensure steady progress.
Going too far too fast “ could threaten the long-term healthy development of nuclear power. The country already has 13 reactors in operation with total capacity of over 10 Gwe . Some 32 more already have been approved by authorities to bring another 34 Gwe -and construction has started 25 th of these. The SCRO celebrated the progress made and successful import of generation 111 Westinghouse AP 1000 design which is meant to form the backbones of china’s future nuclear fleet.
However , ambitious target to deploy AP 1000s with reduced foreign imputes have proven difficult due to from frequent quality control issues in the supply chain . As result of more of generation 11 CPR-1000 and CNP design units are under construction or on order. Only china is building generation 11 units in a such large numbers , said SCRO country 57 on books.
Reactors built today should operate 50 or 60 years meaning large fleet of generation 11 units will still in operation into 2070, when even generation 111 reactors would have been surpassed, perhaps even by commercial nuclear fission. The should careful concerns ’ the volume of second generation units under construction the scale should not be too large to avoid being perceived as being behind curve of international safety in future. The SCRO was mindful of the 100 fold increase in probabilistic safety brought by generation 111 and future generates would continue the trend.
Another factor potentially affecting safety is nuclear power work force . While staff can be technically trained in four to eight years safety culture takes longer at operational level.
This issue is magnified in regularity regime where salaries are lower than industry and work force numbers remain relatively low. SCRO said that most countries employ 30-40 regularity staff per reactor in their fleet, but national nuclear safety administration has only 1000 staff- a figure that must more than quadruple by 2020. It was also noted frankly “ the independence of regularity authorities is not enough.
The body calculated the present rate of nuclear development to require new investment of some RM-BI 1 trillion(151million dollars by 2020, not country those units being built now. This figure could rise if supply chain issues impact schedules, with repercussions for companies borrowing to build and for economics of Chinese nuclear program me overall.
India nuclear energy developments
In India nuclear power plants holds the fourth position among the different resources of electricity, thermal ,hydro ,renewable resources being first ,second third respectively. Presently 20 nuclear power plants are which generate 4,560 MW (2.9 % total installed power base ) and 4 such power plants are in pipe line and would generating around 2,720 MW. India’s contribution of fusion development done through its involvement in ITER project.
Since beginning of 1990 Russia has always been chief supplier of nuclear fuel to the country of India. The deterioration domestic uranium resources caused the decline of electricity production from nuclear energy in India by 12.83 % during 2006 to 2008. The country has signed contract regarding nuclear fuel with countries like France , U.K., U.S. , Canada , Namibia ,Kazakhstan and Argentina after nuclear supplier group (NSG) declared a waiver in September 2008 to allow India to commence world wide nuclear fuel trade. India even signed 700 million dollars agreement with Russia in February 2009 and about 2000 tons of nuclear fuel enriched uranium supply.
Presently India aims at increasing the input of nuclear energy to total electricity production from 4.2 percent to 9 percent by 2032.
The country capacity of installed nuclear energy production will rise to 6000 MW. AS per report India holds 9th position in regard to count of operational nuclear energy reactor in the world and all 9 under construction which include 2 EPRs to be constructed by Areva of France. Taps -3 and Taps -4 are 540 MW atomic reactors of Indian origin . India 717 million dollars venture of swift breeder reactor is likely to be operate during first quarter of 2011.
India envisages a significant growth of nuclear power industry in recent future as according to Indo - U.S. nuclear agreement India allowed to carry out national trade technologies so as to develop its capacity power generation .During operational phase of this deal , the country expected to improve total nuclear power production to 63000 MW by 2032 according to nuclear power corporation of India (NPCIL).
Apart from using imported enriched uranium and safe guards of IAEA , India has developed several nuclear fuel cycle aspects for supporting its reactors limited imports have strongly affected the advancement of selected technologies . The feature of heavy water reactors to allow burning of uranium with slight or no enrichment capacity makes its usage more attractive. India has worked hard in developing thorium fuel cycle. While there is limitation in country’s uranium deposits , there are some greater treasuries of thorium which can multiply the power with equal mass of fuel by hundred times . The fact of thorium, being used in heavy water reactors has tied growth of two. At Kalpakkam atomic power station located near Chennai , a pro-type type reactor is still under construction which would able to burn Plutonium fuel whilst irradiating a thorium layer.
From above analysis of world nuclear power production we believe nuclear energy has bright future in addition supplying energy and it is a clean source of energy with long life of nuclear reactors, which can pay back entire capital cost of plant construction including overruns.
No nuclear power plants were closed last year but some 13 construction plants were started , promising more than on one nuclear per around 2015.
New capacity entering commercial operation in 2010 amounted to 2,839 Mwe (Russia Rostov 2 , India s Rajasthan 6 and China’s Ling AO 3 and Quishan 11 - 3 ) while South Korea’s Shin Kori 1 was grid connected and was should soon provide another 1000 Mwe net on commercial basis . The Phoenix reactor in France was officially closed in February 2010, but this had ceased power generation in 2009 and is counted among last year figures.
On 31st December 2010 China National Nuclear Corporation held official ceremony to mark the start of work on Fuqing 3, Fujian province. The 1080 MWe CPR-1000 UNIT should begin operational in the middle 2015. It was the eighth construction start in china last year as country continued to grow as a major player in nuclear energy.
Around world, last year construction starts in added up to 15,218 Mwe gross , according to world nuclear association research. Eight of these were in china (Fuqing 3 , Ningle 3, Taishan 2 , Changjiang 1, Haiyang 2, Fangchenggang 1, Yangjang 3 and Changjiang 2) but work also started at Russia ( Leningrade -11 -2 and Rostov 4) and in India (Kakrapar 3 and 4 ) as well as in Brazil (Angra 3). Separately the installed construction of Japan’s 1383 Mwe Ohma unit got back under way after completing re-engineering work for enhanced earth quake protection.
These 13 new construction projects continue the global upward trend in nuclear power . In the year 2009 the figure for new construction starts was 11, while 2008 and 2007 each saw ten. Assuming about five years for construction it can be expected reactors will be coming on line around 2012 at double today’s rate of five for year with this to rise to one per month around 2015. According to international Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) PRIS data basis the last time ten or more new reactors started in a single year was 1990.
China nuclear energy
China should keep a clear head, on nuclear power concentrate more on generation 111 reactors and keep its new build ambitions for 2020 to around 100 Gwe said state body recently.
The advise came from state council research office (SCRO) which takes independent policy recommendation to state council on a strategic matters. It appeared officially in Xinhua’s weekly out look publication.
While noting that situation for development of more nuclear power is good the body said we should keep a clear head. Not only seeing favorable factors, but paying attention also to variety of constraints to ensure steady progress.
Going too far too fast “ could threaten the long-term healthy development of nuclear power. The country already has 13 reactors in operation with total capacity of over 10 Gwe . Some 32 more already have been approved by authorities to bring another 34 Gwe -and construction has started 25 th of these. The SCRO celebrated the progress made and successful import of generation 111 Westinghouse AP 1000 design which is meant to form the backbones of china’s future nuclear fleet.
However , ambitious target to deploy AP 1000s with reduced foreign imputes have proven difficult due to from frequent quality control issues in the supply chain . As result of more of generation 11 CPR-1000 and CNP design units are under construction or on order. Only china is building generation 11 units in a such large numbers , said SCRO country 57 on books.
Reactors built today should operate 50 or 60 years meaning large fleet of generation 11 units will still in operation into 2070, when even generation 111 reactors would have been surpassed, perhaps even by commercial nuclear fission. The should careful concerns ’ the volume of second generation units under construction the scale should not be too large to avoid being perceived as being behind curve of international safety in future. The SCRO was mindful of the 100 fold increase in probabilistic safety brought by generation 111 and future generates would continue the trend.
Another factor potentially affecting safety is nuclear power work force . While staff can be technically trained in four to eight years safety culture takes longer at operational level.
This issue is magnified in regularity regime where salaries are lower than industry and work force numbers remain relatively low. SCRO said that most countries employ 30-40 regularity staff per reactor in their fleet, but national nuclear safety administration has only 1000 staff- a figure that must more than quadruple by 2020. It was also noted frankly “ the independence of regularity authorities is not enough.
The body calculated the present rate of nuclear development to require new investment of some RM-BI 1 trillion(151million dollars by 2020, not country those units being built now. This figure could rise if supply chain issues impact schedules, with repercussions for companies borrowing to build and for economics of Chinese nuclear program me overall.
India nuclear energy developments
In India nuclear power plants holds the fourth position among the different resources of electricity, thermal ,hydro ,renewable resources being first ,second third respectively. Presently 20 nuclear power plants are which generate 4,560 MW (2.9 % total installed power base ) and 4 such power plants are in pipe line and would generating around 2,720 MW. India’s contribution of fusion development done through its involvement in ITER project.
Since beginning of 1990 Russia has always been chief supplier of nuclear fuel to the country of India. The deterioration domestic uranium resources caused the decline of electricity production from nuclear energy in India by 12.83 % during 2006 to 2008. The country has signed contract regarding nuclear fuel with countries like France , U.K., U.S. , Canada , Namibia ,Kazakhstan and Argentina after nuclear supplier group (NSG) declared a waiver in September 2008 to allow India to commence world wide nuclear fuel trade. India even signed 700 million dollars agreement with Russia in February 2009 and about 2000 tons of nuclear fuel enriched uranium supply.
Presently India aims at increasing the input of nuclear energy to total electricity production from 4.2 percent to 9 percent by 2032.
The country capacity of installed nuclear energy production will rise to 6000 MW. AS per report India holds 9th position in regard to count of operational nuclear energy reactor in the world and all 9 under construction which include 2 EPRs to be constructed by Areva of France. Taps -3 and Taps -4 are 540 MW atomic reactors of Indian origin . India 717 million dollars venture of swift breeder reactor is likely to be operate during first quarter of 2011.
India envisages a significant growth of nuclear power industry in recent future as according to Indo - U.S. nuclear agreement India allowed to carry out national trade technologies so as to develop its capacity power generation .During operational phase of this deal , the country expected to improve total nuclear power production to 63000 MW by 2032 according to nuclear power corporation of India (NPCIL).
Apart from using imported enriched uranium and safe guards of IAEA , India has developed several nuclear fuel cycle aspects for supporting its reactors limited imports have strongly affected the advancement of selected technologies . The feature of heavy water reactors to allow burning of uranium with slight or no enrichment capacity makes its usage more attractive. India has worked hard in developing thorium fuel cycle. While there is limitation in country’s uranium deposits , there are some greater treasuries of thorium which can multiply the power with equal mass of fuel by hundred times . The fact of thorium, being used in heavy water reactors has tied growth of two. At Kalpakkam atomic power station located near Chennai , a pro-type type reactor is still under construction which would able to burn Plutonium fuel whilst irradiating a thorium layer.
From above analysis of world nuclear power production we believe nuclear energy has bright future in addition supplying energy and it is a clean source of energy with long life of nuclear reactors, which can pay back entire capital cost of plant construction including overruns.
posted by P M Babu Rao @ 2:16 AM
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what happen my readers vanished. i have email address have you posted my blog to them .pl help me .
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