carbon capture , transportation,storage and its future
Carbon capture ,transportation, storage and its future
The carbon is emitted into atmosphere (as carbon dioxide also called CO2) whenever we burn any fossil fuel any where . The largest sources are cars and lorries and power stations that burn fossil fuels coal oil or gas. To prevent the carbon dioxide building up in the atmosphere (causing global warming and definitely causing ocean acidification). We can catch Co2 and stored broadly three different types of technologies for scrubbing exist post combustion-pre combustion and oxy-fuel combustion.
As I have already explained about carbon capture in my previous blog, however I will just explain briefly about process involved.
The post combustion the CO2 is removed after combustion of fossil fuel- this scheme that would be applied to fossil burning power plants. Here carbon dioxide is captured from flue gases at power stations or large point sources. This technology is well understood and currently used in industrial application although not same scale as might be required in a commercial scale power station.
The technology for post combustion is widely applied in fertilizer ,chemical gaseous fuel (H2 CH4 ) and power production. In these cases the fossil fuel partially oxidized, for instance on a gasifier. The resulting Syn gas (CO and H20 ) is shifted into CO2 and more H2. The resulting CO2 can be captured from relatively pure exhaust steam . The H2 can now be used as a fuel, the carbon dioxide is removed before combustion takes place. There are several advantages and disadvantages when compared to conventional post combustion carbon dioxide capture. The CO2 is removed after combustion of fossil fuel, but before flue gas is expanded to atmospheric pressure . The scheme is applied to new fossil fuel burning plants or existing plants where re-powering is an option.
Oxy fuel combustion
In oxy fuel combustion the fuel is burned in oxygen instead of air. The limit the resulting flame temperatures to levels common during conventional combustion, cooled flue gas is re circulated and injected into combustion chamber. The flue gas consists mainly carbon dioxide and water vapor, the latter of which is condensed through cooling. The result is an almost form carbon dioxide steam that can be transported to the sequestration site stored. Power plant processes based on oxy-fuel combustion are some times referred to as “zero emission” cycles, because the CO2 stored is not in fraction removed from flue gas(as in cases of pre-post combustion process but steam gas steam it self.) To warrant the level “ zero emission” the water would this have to be treated or dispersed appropriately . This technique is promising but initial air separation steps demands a lot of energy.
Transporting carbon dioxide
After carbon dioxide CO2 is captured, the next step is transporting it to a storage site. The current method of transporting CO2 is pipe lines have been in use for decades, and large volume of gases, oil and water flow through pipelines every day. Carbon dioxide pipelines are existing part of U.S. infrastructure-in fact there are more than 1500 miles (2414 km) of CO2. Pipeline in U.S. today mostly for enhancing oil production. You can put pipeline just about any where -under ground or under water- with depths ranging from a few feet to a mile.
A CO2 pipeline usually begins at sources of capture and travels directly to the storage site -although some cases, it might travel as far as it can in the pipeline then transition to a tanker or ship to finish off its journey. It all depends on where the source, pipeline and storage site or located. Both private and public sector can own pipelines.
Pipelines can transport CO2 in three states gaseous, liquid and solid . Solid CO2 is commonly known as dry ice, and its not cost effective to transport CO2 as a solid. Pipelines commonly transport CO2 in gaseous state. A compressors “ pushes” the gas through the pipeline . Some times a pipeline will have intermittent compressors to keep gas moving. The CO2 must clean (free of hydrogen sulfide and dry),otherwise it can corrode a typical pipeline, which is made of carbon manganese steel. As of yet, there are no standards in place. For “pipeline quality “ carbon dioxide, but experts say that pipeline built from stainless steel would have a lower risk of corrosion . This however may not be economical since we would have to build brand new pipelines just for CO2.
Accident with pipeline are rare as we have found in decades use. Only 12 CO2 pipeline leaks occurred from 1966 to 2006,with no human injuries reported . Contrasts that with natural gas and hazardous liquid pipelines, which had more than 5000 accidents and 107 fatalities in the same period. One reason carbon dioxide pipe line accidents are rare is because we don’t really have that many CO2 pipelines in use. Accidents will likely increase as number of pipelines rises. As CO2 is odor less and color less though adding an odor adding odor to gas could help to detect leaks. Experts recommend construction of pipelines in low population areas to minimize any impact.
Pipeline costs fluctuate depending on the route of pipeline (through heavily congested areas,mountains,off shore). It also possible to transport carbon dioxide as a liquid using ships or tanker trucks. Liquid CO2 requires low pressure and constant low temperature, so cargo tanks need to be both pressurized and refrigerated. You might be wondering what happens if a ship or truck carrying a tank of CO2 gets into accident. Unfortunately there is not much data on subject, but we do know there is asphyxiation risk if massive amount of CO2 escapes into atmosphere. As with tanks that transport natural gas and hazardous material good construction is key.
Carbon storage
After we collect and transport all carbon dioxide CO2 we are going to need some where to put it. But where? In some sort of giant storage unit ? A huge tank out of desert ? Will we need land fills to hold CO2 waste?
Don’t worry the answer to all those questions is “no “ there are two places we have found to store CO2 under ground and under water. In facts estimates project that the planet can store up to 10 trillion tons of carbon dioxide. This would allow 100 years of storage of human created emissions.
First we will talk about under ground storage. The pressure found deep under ground causes CO2 to behave more like a liquid that gas. Because it can seep into spaces in porous rocks, a great amount of CO2 can be stored in relatively small area. Under ground storage also called geological Sequestration is already in use the oil and gas industries to squeeze out extra oil and gas industries to squeeze out extra oil and gas from depleted reservoir oil and gas are well suited to store CO2 as they consists of layers of porous rocks formations that have trapped oil and gas for years. Geological sequestration involves injectingCO2 into under ground rocks formations below earth surface. These natural reservoirs have overlaying rocks that form a seal keeping the gas contained.
Basalt formations (volcanic rock ) also appear to be suitable for storing CO2. In fact, basalt is one of most common types of rock in the earth crust-even in ocean floor is made of basalt. Researchers have found that when they inject CO2 into basalt, it eventually turn into lime stone-essentially converting rock. The pacific north west national laboratory in Washington state currently has a team devoted running a pilot project to test basalt carbon storage.
Another project, called CO2 sink, is testing geological sequestration in a location near Berlin Germany . The project in 2004 aim to create standard for CO2 injection. After injecting CO2 in a standard stone reservoir, scientists will actively study the area for long term integrity and safety, leakage concerns and movement CO2 within reservoir . Also Sleipner gas field off-shore Norway has been injecting carbon dioxide into sea floor since 1996.
In addition to under ground storage, we are looking at ocean for permanent CO2 storage. Some experts claim that we can safely dump CO2 directly into ocean-provided we release it at depths greater than 11,482 feet (3500 meters ). At these depth they think the CO2 will compress to slushy material that will fall to the oceans floor. Oceans carbon storage is largely untested, and there are many concern about safety of marine life and the possibility that carbon dioxide would eventually makes its way back into environment.
Carbon storage concern.
To begin its important to remember that carbon capture and storage (CCS)is not licensee to continue emitting CO2 into atmosphere. We need to use CCS in addition to other emission reduction efforts. However CCS provided a way to clean up our existing power plants. Current CCS technologies actually require a lot of energy to implement and run up to 40 percent of power station capacity.
Creating a CCS enabled power plants also require a lot of money . Future Gen hopes to build the first coal fueled ZERO emission power plant. Its goal is a create power plant that run on coal but stores carbon emission under ground. The plant would power 1,50,000 homes and generate 275 MW of electricity.
The biggest concern with CCS though is a environmental risk. What happens if the carbon dioxide leaks out from under ground? Because the process is so new ,we don’t know its long term effects.
What if carbon leaks out in ocean? In 1986 a natural Volcanic eruption of carbon dioxide from a lake in Cameroon killed nearly 2000 people. They died asphyxiation from being close vicinity to the release of CO2. These numbers don’t even take account the death toll of marine life that called lake home.
Another effect of excess CO2 in water is increased acidity. The ocean actually absorbs CO2 atmosphere - a phenomenon known as carbon sink. Scientists have recently discovered that some oceans are not absorbing as much CO2 as they did in the past. The southern ocean, in particular no longer soaks up as much carbon-dioxide a fact that alarm scientists. The excess CO2 from human emission appears to be staying on the surface of ocean instead of sinking. And more CO2 an ocean absorbs, the more acidity it becomes high water acidity adversely effect marine life. For examples it reduces the amount of vital calcium carbonate creatures need to build their shell.
The engineers and scientists should develop better and safer technology for carbon capture ,transportation and storage of co2 at the earliest to help this planet free from global warming for better survival of human beings.
Readers of this blog kindly forward your comments in the coll-um mentioned for it.
The carbon is emitted into atmosphere (as carbon dioxide also called CO2) whenever we burn any fossil fuel any where . The largest sources are cars and lorries and power stations that burn fossil fuels coal oil or gas. To prevent the carbon dioxide building up in the atmosphere (causing global warming and definitely causing ocean acidification). We can catch Co2 and stored broadly three different types of technologies for scrubbing exist post combustion-pre combustion and oxy-fuel combustion.
As I have already explained about carbon capture in my previous blog, however I will just explain briefly about process involved.
The post combustion the CO2 is removed after combustion of fossil fuel- this scheme that would be applied to fossil burning power plants. Here carbon dioxide is captured from flue gases at power stations or large point sources. This technology is well understood and currently used in industrial application although not same scale as might be required in a commercial scale power station.
The technology for post combustion is widely applied in fertilizer ,chemical gaseous fuel (H2 CH4 ) and power production. In these cases the fossil fuel partially oxidized, for instance on a gasifier. The resulting Syn gas (CO and H20 ) is shifted into CO2 and more H2. The resulting CO2 can be captured from relatively pure exhaust steam . The H2 can now be used as a fuel, the carbon dioxide is removed before combustion takes place. There are several advantages and disadvantages when compared to conventional post combustion carbon dioxide capture. The CO2 is removed after combustion of fossil fuel, but before flue gas is expanded to atmospheric pressure . The scheme is applied to new fossil fuel burning plants or existing plants where re-powering is an option.
Oxy fuel combustion
In oxy fuel combustion the fuel is burned in oxygen instead of air. The limit the resulting flame temperatures to levels common during conventional combustion, cooled flue gas is re circulated and injected into combustion chamber. The flue gas consists mainly carbon dioxide and water vapor, the latter of which is condensed through cooling. The result is an almost form carbon dioxide steam that can be transported to the sequestration site stored. Power plant processes based on oxy-fuel combustion are some times referred to as “zero emission” cycles, because the CO2 stored is not in fraction removed from flue gas(as in cases of pre-post combustion process but steam gas steam it self.) To warrant the level “ zero emission” the water would this have to be treated or dispersed appropriately . This technique is promising but initial air separation steps demands a lot of energy.
Transporting carbon dioxide
After carbon dioxide CO2 is captured, the next step is transporting it to a storage site. The current method of transporting CO2 is pipe lines have been in use for decades, and large volume of gases, oil and water flow through pipelines every day. Carbon dioxide pipelines are existing part of U.S. infrastructure-in fact there are more than 1500 miles (2414 km) of CO2. Pipeline in U.S. today mostly for enhancing oil production. You can put pipeline just about any where -under ground or under water- with depths ranging from a few feet to a mile.
A CO2 pipeline usually begins at sources of capture and travels directly to the storage site -although some cases, it might travel as far as it can in the pipeline then transition to a tanker or ship to finish off its journey. It all depends on where the source, pipeline and storage site or located. Both private and public sector can own pipelines.
Pipelines can transport CO2 in three states gaseous, liquid and solid . Solid CO2 is commonly known as dry ice, and its not cost effective to transport CO2 as a solid. Pipelines commonly transport CO2 in gaseous state. A compressors “ pushes” the gas through the pipeline . Some times a pipeline will have intermittent compressors to keep gas moving. The CO2 must clean (free of hydrogen sulfide and dry),otherwise it can corrode a typical pipeline, which is made of carbon manganese steel. As of yet, there are no standards in place. For “pipeline quality “ carbon dioxide, but experts say that pipeline built from stainless steel would have a lower risk of corrosion . This however may not be economical since we would have to build brand new pipelines just for CO2.
Accident with pipeline are rare as we have found in decades use. Only 12 CO2 pipeline leaks occurred from 1966 to 2006,with no human injuries reported . Contrasts that with natural gas and hazardous liquid pipelines, which had more than 5000 accidents and 107 fatalities in the same period. One reason carbon dioxide pipe line accidents are rare is because we don’t really have that many CO2 pipelines in use. Accidents will likely increase as number of pipelines rises. As CO2 is odor less and color less though adding an odor adding odor to gas could help to detect leaks. Experts recommend construction of pipelines in low population areas to minimize any impact.
Pipeline costs fluctuate depending on the route of pipeline (through heavily congested areas,mountains,off shore). It also possible to transport carbon dioxide as a liquid using ships or tanker trucks. Liquid CO2 requires low pressure and constant low temperature, so cargo tanks need to be both pressurized and refrigerated. You might be wondering what happens if a ship or truck carrying a tank of CO2 gets into accident. Unfortunately there is not much data on subject, but we do know there is asphyxiation risk if massive amount of CO2 escapes into atmosphere. As with tanks that transport natural gas and hazardous material good construction is key.
Carbon storage
After we collect and transport all carbon dioxide CO2 we are going to need some where to put it. But where? In some sort of giant storage unit ? A huge tank out of desert ? Will we need land fills to hold CO2 waste?
Don’t worry the answer to all those questions is “no “ there are two places we have found to store CO2 under ground and under water. In facts estimates project that the planet can store up to 10 trillion tons of carbon dioxide. This would allow 100 years of storage of human created emissions.
First we will talk about under ground storage. The pressure found deep under ground causes CO2 to behave more like a liquid that gas. Because it can seep into spaces in porous rocks, a great amount of CO2 can be stored in relatively small area. Under ground storage also called geological Sequestration is already in use the oil and gas industries to squeeze out extra oil and gas industries to squeeze out extra oil and gas from depleted reservoir oil and gas are well suited to store CO2 as they consists of layers of porous rocks formations that have trapped oil and gas for years. Geological sequestration involves injectingCO2 into under ground rocks formations below earth surface. These natural reservoirs have overlaying rocks that form a seal keeping the gas contained.
Basalt formations (volcanic rock ) also appear to be suitable for storing CO2. In fact, basalt is one of most common types of rock in the earth crust-even in ocean floor is made of basalt. Researchers have found that when they inject CO2 into basalt, it eventually turn into lime stone-essentially converting rock. The pacific north west national laboratory in Washington state currently has a team devoted running a pilot project to test basalt carbon storage.
Another project, called CO2 sink, is testing geological sequestration in a location near Berlin Germany . The project in 2004 aim to create standard for CO2 injection. After injecting CO2 in a standard stone reservoir, scientists will actively study the area for long term integrity and safety, leakage concerns and movement CO2 within reservoir . Also Sleipner gas field off-shore Norway has been injecting carbon dioxide into sea floor since 1996.
In addition to under ground storage, we are looking at ocean for permanent CO2 storage. Some experts claim that we can safely dump CO2 directly into ocean-provided we release it at depths greater than 11,482 feet (3500 meters ). At these depth they think the CO2 will compress to slushy material that will fall to the oceans floor. Oceans carbon storage is largely untested, and there are many concern about safety of marine life and the possibility that carbon dioxide would eventually makes its way back into environment.
Carbon storage concern.
To begin its important to remember that carbon capture and storage (CCS)is not licensee to continue emitting CO2 into atmosphere. We need to use CCS in addition to other emission reduction efforts. However CCS provided a way to clean up our existing power plants. Current CCS technologies actually require a lot of energy to implement and run up to 40 percent of power station capacity.
Creating a CCS enabled power plants also require a lot of money . Future Gen hopes to build the first coal fueled ZERO emission power plant. Its goal is a create power plant that run on coal but stores carbon emission under ground. The plant would power 1,50,000 homes and generate 275 MW of electricity.
The biggest concern with CCS though is a environmental risk. What happens if the carbon dioxide leaks out from under ground? Because the process is so new ,we don’t know its long term effects.
What if carbon leaks out in ocean? In 1986 a natural Volcanic eruption of carbon dioxide from a lake in Cameroon killed nearly 2000 people. They died asphyxiation from being close vicinity to the release of CO2. These numbers don’t even take account the death toll of marine life that called lake home.
Another effect of excess CO2 in water is increased acidity. The ocean actually absorbs CO2 atmosphere - a phenomenon known as carbon sink. Scientists have recently discovered that some oceans are not absorbing as much CO2 as they did in the past. The southern ocean, in particular no longer soaks up as much carbon-dioxide a fact that alarm scientists. The excess CO2 from human emission appears to be staying on the surface of ocean instead of sinking. And more CO2 an ocean absorbs, the more acidity it becomes high water acidity adversely effect marine life. For examples it reduces the amount of vital calcium carbonate creatures need to build their shell.
The engineers and scientists should develop better and safer technology for carbon capture ,transportation and storage of co2 at the earliest to help this planet free from global warming for better survival of human beings.
Readers of this blog kindly forward your comments in the coll-um mentioned for it.
posted by P M Babu Rao @ 2:06 AM
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what happen my readers vanished. i have email address have you posted my blog to them .pl help me .
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